COVID‑19, Saúde Mental, e Nutrição: Uma Revisão Narrativa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51338/rppsm.2021.v7.i3.223Palavras-chave:
COVID-19, Saúde Mental, SARS-CoV-2, Sistema Imunitário, Comportamento Alimentar, Dieta, Dieta MediterrâneaResumo
Desde que foi declarada pandemia em março de 2020 pela Organização Mundial de Saúde, a COVID‑19 tem sido responsável por um impacto disruptivo na saúde, economia e relacionamentos interpessoais, com impacto negativo ao nível da saúde mental, com repercussão nos hábitos alimentares na população. Foi realizada pesquisa bibliográfica, através da base de dados PubMed, que pretendeu estudar implicações da COVID‑19 na saúde mental e hábitos alimentares dos indivíduos. A associação entre o aumento dos sintomas psicopatológicos e as pandemias tem sido estabelecida ao longo da história da humanidade. Estudos realizados durante a pandemia COVID‑19, em indivíduos que tinham sido infetados por SARS‑CoV‑2 e/ou em quarentena, encontraram um aumento significativo, da prevalência de sintomas psicopatológicos como a ansiedade, tristeza ou medo. A duração da quarentena, problemas socioeconómicos, informações falsas e/ou inadequadas e o neurotropismo do vírus, são alguns dos fatores de risco apontados como responsáveis pelo surgimento destes sintomas. Da mesma maneira, a comunidade científica têm também encontrado uma relação entre o período de quarentena e dos sintomas angodepressivos com o aumento do consumo de alimentos conforto, de elevada densidade energética e pobre em nutrientes. Este facto, não só aumenta o risco de desenvolvimento de doenças crónicas não transmissíveis, como a obesidade e a diabetes mellitus tipo 2, como também parece influenciar o eixo hipotálamo‑hipófise‑suprarrenal, com comprometimento do sistema imunitário e aumento das doenças mentais como a depressão. A resposta imunitária é, em última instância, a única maneira que temos para ultrapassar esta pandemia. O SARS‑CoV‑2, tem tido um importante impacto negativo quer na saúde mental da população quer nas suas escolhas alimentares o que, condiciona a nossa resposta imunitária. Deste modo, para além das medidas de prevenção da contaminação, também a promoção de um estilo de vida saudável, parecem ser as melhores estratégias contra a COVID‑19, com vista a aumentar a nossa “psiconeuroimunidade” para melhor ultrapassarmos esta pandemia.
Downloads
Referências
World Health Organization. WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID‑19). [consultado Jan 2021] Disponível em: https://covid19.who.int.
Baig AM. Neurological Manifestations in COVID‑19 caused by SARS‑CoV‑2. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2020;26:499‑501. doi: 10.1111/cns.13372. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.13372
Szcześniak D, Gładka A, Misiak B, Cyran A, Rymaszewska J. The SARS‑CoV‑2 and mental health: From biological mechanisms to social consequences. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2021;104:110046. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110046
Mazza G, De Lorenzo R, Conte C, Poletti S, Vai B, Bolletini I,et al. Anxiety and depression in COVID‑19 survivors: role of inflammatory and clinical predictors. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;89:594‑600. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.037. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.037
Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al; China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team. A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:727‑33. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017
Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020;395:912‑20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
Shah K, Kamrai D, Mekala H, Mann B, Desai K, Patel RS. Focus on mental health during the coronavirus (COVID‑19) pandemic: applying learnings from the past outbreaks. Cureus. 2020;12: e7405. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7405
Pisoschi AM, Pop A. The role of antioxidants in the chemistry of oxidative stress: a review. Eur J Med Chem. 2015;97:55–74 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.04.040
Harrell CS, Gillespie CF, Neigh GN. Energetic stress: The reciprocal relationship between energy availability and the stress response. Physiol Behav. 2016;166:43‑55. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.10.009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.10.009
World Health Organization (WHO) Food and Nutrition Tips during Self‑Quarantine. [consultado Jan 2021] Disponível em: http://www.euro.who.int/en/health‑topics/health‑emergencies/coronavirus‑covid‑19/novel‑coronavirus2019‑ncov‑technical‑guidance/food‑and‑nutrition‑tips‑during‑self‑quarantine
Muscogiuri G, Barrea L, Savastano S, Colao A. Nutritional recommendations for CoVID‑19 quarantine. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2020;74:850‑1. doi: 10.1038/s41430‑020‑0635‑2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-020-0635-2
Khoramipour K, Basereh A, Hekmatikar AA, Castell L, Ruhee RT, Suzuki K. Physical activity and nutrition guidelines to help with the fight against COVID‑19. J Sports Sci.2021;39:101‑7. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1807089. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1807089
Cena H, Chieppa M. Coronavirus Disease (COVID‑19‑SARS‑CoV‑2) and Nutrition: Is Infection in Italy Suggesting a Connection? Front Immunol. 2020;11:944. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00944. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00944
Lucas M, Mirzaei F, O’Reilly EJ, Pan A, Willett WC, Kawachi I, et al. Dietary intake of n‑3 and n‑6 fatty acids and the risk of clinical depression in women: a 10‑y prospective follow‑up study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93:1337‑43. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.111.011817. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.011817
Direção‑Geral de Saúde. Novo Coronavírus COVID‑19 Alimentação. Direção‑Geral de Saúde. 2020. [consultado Jan 2021] Disponível em: https://covid19.min‑saude.pt
Trujillo‑Mayol I, Guerra‑Valle M, Casas‑Forero N, Sobral MM, Viegas O, Alarcón‑Enos J, et al. Western Dietary Pattern Antioxidant Intakes and Oxidative Stress: Importance During the SARS‑CoV‑2/COVID‑19 Pandemic. Adv Nutr. 2021;12:670‑81. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmaa171. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmaa171
Rogers JP, Chesney E, Oliver D, Pollak TA, McGuire P, Fusar‑Poli P, et al. Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: a systematic review and meta‑analysis with comparison to the COVID‑19 pandemic. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7:611‑27. doi: 10.1016/S2215‑0366(20)30203‑0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30203-0
Hu Y, Chen Y, Zheng Y, You C, Tan J, Hu L, et al. Factors related to mental health of inpatients with COVID‑19 in Wuhan, China. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;89:587‑93. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.016
Ma YF, Li W, Deng HB, Wang L, Wang Y, Wang PH, et al. Prevalence of depression and its association with quality of life in clinically stable patients with COVID‑19. J Affect Disord. 2020;275:145‑8. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.033. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.033
Jacobs LG, Paleoudis EG, Bari DL, Nyirenda T, Friedman T, Gupta A,et al. Persistence of symptoms and quality of life at 35 days after hospitalization for COVID‑19 infection. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0243882. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243882
Deng J, Zhou F, Hou W, Silver Z, Wong CY, Chang O, et al. The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances
in COVID‑19 patients: a meta‑analysis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2021;1486:90‑111. doi: 10.1111/nyas.14506. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14506
Wang H, Xia Q, Xiong Z, Li Z, Xiang W, Yuan Y, et al. The psychological distress and coping styles in the early stages of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID‑19) epidemic in the general mainland Chinese population: A web‑based survey. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0233410. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233410
Liu N, Zhang F, Wei C, Jia Y, Shang Z, Sun L,et al. Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID‑19 outbreak in China hardest‑hit areas: Gender differences matter. Psychiatry Res. 2020;287:112921. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112921
Munk AJL, Schmidt NM, Alexander N, Henkel K, Henning J. Covid‑19‑Beyond virology: Potentials for maintaining mental health during lockdown. PLos One. 2000;15:e0236688. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236688
Wu T, Jia X, Shi H, Niu J, Yin X, Xie J, et al. Prevalence of mental health problems during the COVID‑19 pandemic:
A systematic review and meta‑analysis. J Affect Disord. 2021;281:91‑8. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.117. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.117
Luo M, Guo L, Yu M, Jiang W, Wang H. The psychological and mental impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) on medical staff and general public ‑ A systematic review and meta‑analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2020;291:113190. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113190. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113190
Torres SJ, Nowson CA. Relationship between stress, eating behavior, and obesity. Nutrition. 2007;23:887e94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2007.08.008
Kodish SR, Rohner F, Beauliere JM, Daffe M, Ayoya MA, Wirth JP,et al. Implications of the Ebola vírus disease outbreak in Guinea: Qualitative findings to inform future health and nutrition‑related responses. PLoS One. 2018;13: e0202468. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202468
Batlle‑Bayer L, Aldaco R, Bala A, Puig R, Laso J, Margallo M,et al. Environmental and nutritional impacts of dietary changes in Spain during the COVID‑19 lockdown. Sci Total Environ. 2020;748:141410. 30. Ruiz‑Roso MB, de Carvalho P, Mantilla‑Escalante D, Ulloa N, Brun P, Acevedo‑Correa D, et al. Covid‑19 confinement and changes of adolescent’s dietary trends in Italy, Spain, Chile, Colombia and Brazil. Nutrients. 2020;12:1807. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141410
Mikolajczyk RT, El Ansari W, Maxwell AE. Food consumption frequency and perceived stress and depressive symptoms among students in three European countries. Nutr J. 2009;8:31. doi: 10.1186/1475‑2891‑8‑31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-8-31
Sánchez‑Villegas A, Henríquez‑Sánchez P, Ruiz‑Canela M, Lahortiga F, Molero P, Toledo E, et al. A longitudinal analysis of diet quality scores and the risk of incident depression in the SUN Project. BMC Med. 2015;13:197. doi: 10.1186/s12916‑015‑0428‑y.
Pérez‑Martínez P, García‑Ríos A, Delgado‑Lista J, Pérez‑Jiménez F, López‑Miranda J. Mediterranean diet rich in olive oil and obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus. Curr Pharm Des. 2011;17:769‑77. doi: 10.2174/138161211795428948. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/138161211795428948
Di Renzo L, Gualtieri P, Pivari F, Soldati L, Attiná A, Cinelli G, et al. Eating habits and lifestyle changes during COVID‑19
lockdown: an Italian survey. J Transl Med. 2020;18:1–15.
Rodríguez‑Pérez C, Molina‑Montes E, Verardo V, Artacho R, García‑Villanova B, Guerra‑Hernández EJ, et al. Changes in Dietary Behaviours during the COVID‑19 Outbreak Confinement in the Spanish COVIDiet Study. Nutrients. 2020;12:1730. doi: 10.3390/nu12061730. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061730
Yeoh YK, Zuo T, Lui GC, Zhang F, Liu Q, Li AY, et al. Gut microbiota composition reflects disease severity and dysfunctional immune responses in patients with COVID‑19. Gut. 2021;70:698‑706. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl‑2020‑323020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323020
Rishi P, Thakur K, Vij S, Rishi L, Singh A, Kaur IP, et al. Diet, Gut Microbiota and COVID‑19. Indian J Microbiol. 2020;60:1‑10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-020-00908-0
doi: 10.1007/s12088‑020‑00908‑0.
Dhar D, Mohanty A. Gut microbiota and COVID‑19‑ possible link and implications. Virus Res. 2020; 285: 198018. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198018
Mahan LK, Escott‑Stump S. Krause’s food & nutrition therapy. 12 ed. St Louis: Elsevier; 2008.
Ibarra O, Gili M, Roca M, Vives M, Serrano MJ, Pareja A, et al. The Mediterranean diet and micronutrient levels in depressive patients Nutr Hosp. 2014 3;31:1171‑5. doi: 10.3305/nh.2015.31.3.8124.
Yary T, Lehto SM, Tolmunen T, Tuomainen T‑P, Kauhanen J, Voutilainen S, et al. Dietary magnesium intake and the incidence of depression: A 20‑year follow‑up study. J Affect Disord. 2016;193:94‑8. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.056. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.056
Sánchez‑Villegas A, Henríquez‑Sánchez P, Ruiz‑Canela M, Lahortiga F, Molero P, Toledo E, et al. A longitudinal analysis of diet quality scores and the risk of incident depression in the SUN Project. BMC Med. 2015;13:197. doi: 10.1186/s12916‑015‑0428‑y. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-015-0428-y
Sánchez‑Villegas A, Delgado‑Rodríguez M, Alonso A, Schlatter J, Lahortiga F, Majem LS, et al. Association of the Mediterranean dietary pattern with the incidence of depression: the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra/University of Navarra follow‑up (SUN) cohort. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66:1090‑8. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.129
Skarupski KA, Tangney C, Li H, Evans D, Morris M. Mediterranean diet and depressive symptoms among older adults over time. J Nutr Health Aging. 2013;17:441‑5. doi: 10.1007/s12603‑012‑0437‑x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-012-0437-x
Yilmaz C, Gokmen V, Neuroactive compounds in foods: Occurrence, mechanism and potential health effects. Food Res Int, 2020; 128: 108744. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108744
Tabrizi A, Khalili L, Homayouni‑Rad A, Pourjafar H, Dehghan P, Ansari F. Prebiotics, as promising functional food to patients with psychological disorders: a review on mood disorders, sleep, and cognition. NeuroQuantology. 2019;17:1–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14704/nq.2019.17.6.2189
Grochowska M, Wojnar M, Radkowski M. The gut microbiota in neuropsychiatric disorders. Acta Neurobiol Exp. 2018;78:69‑81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/ane-2018-008
Kelly J, Borre Y, Aidy S, Deane J, Patterson E, Kennedy P et al. P.4.001 Transferring the blues: depression‑associated gut microbiota induces neurobehavioural changes in the rat. J Psychiatr Res. 2016;82:109‑18. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.07.019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-977X(16)70091-5
Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Mood by microbe: towards clinical translation. Genome Med. 2016 6;8:36. doi: 10.1186/s13073‑016‑0292‑1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-016-0292-1
