Impacto da Cirurgia Bariátrica na Imagem Corporal e Saúde Mental

Autores

  • Gisela Simões Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
  • Isabel Brandão Centro Hospitalar de São João/Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51338/rppsm.2019.v5.i4.90

Palavras-chave:

Cirurgia Bariátrica/psicologia, Imagem Corporal, Obesidade/psicologia, Perturbações Psiquiátricas, Saúde Mental

Resumo

Introdução: A imagem corporal (IC), na sequência do recurso a cirurgia bariátrica (CB) e da experiência rápida e massiva de perda de peso inerente, poderá sofrer alterações como satisfação, insatisfação ou distorção. Esta monografia pretende explorar a concepção da IC do doente obeso e a sua experiência perante o próprio corpo após recurso a CB, bem como o reflexo desta intervenção ao nível da saúde mental. Aditivamente, este estudo esclarece ainda a potencial dissociação entre o tempo de adaptação físico-metabólica e de adaptação psicológica, o recurso a técnicas de correção estética após CB, bem como as motivações na base da opção por estratégias cirúrgicas.

Metodologia: A aquisição da informação bibliográfica foi conduzida através de uma pesquisa realizada nas plataformas PubMed e SCOPUS, partindo da seguinte combinação de termos: body image e bariatric surgery. Estudos obtidos nos últimos 5 anos foram analisados, correspondendo a investigações conduzidas ou tendo por base a população obesa.

Resultados: A maioria dos estudos corrobora o efeito benéfico da CB ao nível da concepção da IC, contudo, a existência de resultados insatisfatórios, melhorias limitadas no tempo ou de repercussões negativas no domínio da saúde mental têm também vindo a ser reportadas. A transformação psicológica implícita pode, inclusive, tomar um ritmo de desenvolvimento discrepante da rápida e simultânea transformação físico-metabólica. A evidência do benefício de recurso a cirurgia estética corretora, como lifting corporal (LC), tem-se apresentado cada vez mais consistente, associado a melhorias psicossociais generalizadas. No entanto, as motivações que servem de base ao recurso a CB e LC subsequente permanecem pouco esclarecidas

Conclusões: As mudanças causadas pela CB poderão expor o doente a tensões nunca antes por si experienciadas ou projectadas antes da cirurgia; assim, o seguimento a longo prazo do doente pós-bariátrico por psicologia e/ou psiquiatria assume-se uma etapa de avaliação imprescindível.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Referências

Lacerda RM, Castanha CR, Castanha AR, Campos JM, Ferraz ÁA, Vilar L. Perception of body image by patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Rev Col Bras Cir. 2018; 45: e1793.

Sarwer DB, Thompson JK, Mitchell JE, Rubin JP. Psychological considerations of the bariatric patient undergoing body contouring surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008; 121:423e–34e.

Thompson JK. Body Image, Eating Disorders and Obesity. Washington: American Psychological Association; 1996.

DiGioacchino RF, Sargent RG, Topping M. Body dissatisfaction among White and African American male and female college students. Eat Behav. 2001; 2:39–50.

Gilmartin J. Body image concerns amongst massive weight loss patients. J Clin Nurs. 2013; 22:1299‑309. doi: 10.1111/jocn.12031.

Lydecker JA, White MA, Grilo CM. Form and formulation: examining the distinctiveness of body image constructs in treatment‑seeking

patients with binge‑eating disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2017; 85:1095–103. doi: 10.1037/ccp0000258.

Halliwell E, Dittmar H. Associations between appearance‑related selfdiscrepancies and young women’s and men’s affect, body image, and emotional eating: a comparison of fixed‑item and respondent‑generated self‑discrepancy measures. Pers Soc Psychol B. 2006; 32:447–58.

Wilson RE, Latner JD, Hayashi K. More than just body weight: the role of body image in psychological and physical functioning. Body Image. 2013; 10: 644–7. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.04.007.

Sawaoka T, Barnes RD, Blomquist KK, Masheb RM, Grilo CM. Social anxiety and self‑consciousness in binge eating disorder: associations with eating disorder psychopathology. Compr Psychiat. 2012; 53:740–5. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.10.003.

Schwartz MB, Brownell KD. Obesity and body image. Body Image. 2004; 1:43‑56.

Davison TE, McCabe MP. Relationships between men’s and women’s body image and their psychological, social, and sexual functioning. Sex Roles. 2005; 52:463‑75.

World Health Organization (WHO). Obesity and overweight. 16 fevereiro 2018 [consultado 8 outubro de 2018]. Disponível em: http://www.who.int/news‑room/fact‑sheets/detail/obesity‑and‑overweight

White AL. Body Image and Quality of Life Among Postsurgical Bariatric Patients. Old Dominion University ‑ Psychology Theses & Dissertations. [Internet]. 2016 [consultado 8 de outubro de 2018]. Disponível em: https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/psychology_etds/47.

Aziret M, Karaman K, Ercan M, Bostancı EB, Akoğlu M. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy on a morbidly obese patient with situs inversus totalis: A case study and systematic review of the literature. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2017; 11: 144‑51. doi: 10.1016/j.orcp.2016.12.003.

Price HI, Gregory DM, Twells LK. Body shape expectations and self‑ideal body shape discrepancy in women seeking bariatric surgery: A cross‑sectional study. BMC Obes. 2014; 1:28. doi: 10.1186/s40608‑014‑0028‑y.

Song P, Patel NB, Gunther S, Li CS, Liu Y, Lee CY, et al. Body image & quality of life: changes with gastric bypass and body contouring. Ann Plast Surg. 2016; 76: S216‑21. doi: 10.1097/SAP.0000000000000788.

Zuelzer HB, Baugh NG. Bariatric and bodycontouring surgery: A continuum of care for excess and lax skin. Plast Surg Nurs. 2007; 27:3–13.

Ellison JM, Steffen KJ, Sarwer DB. Body contouring after bariatric surgery. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2015; 23:479‑87. doi: 10.1002/erv.2408.

Sarwer DB, Polonsky HM. Body image and body contouring procedures. Aesthet Surg J. 2016; 36:1039‑47. doi: 10.1093/asj/sjw127.

Stunkard A, Mendelson M. Obesity and the body image: I. Characteristics of disturbances in the body image of some obese persons. Am J Psychiatry. 1967; 123:1296‑300.

Dalle Grave R, Cuzzolaro M, Calugi S, Tomasi F, Temperilli F, Marchesini G, et al. The effect of obesity management on body image in patients seeking treatment at medical centers. Obesity. 2007; 15(:2320‑7.

Friedman KE, Reichmann SK, Costanzo PR, Musante GJ. Body image partially mediates the relationship between obesity and psychological distress. Obes Res. 2002; 10:33‑41.

Mühlhans B, Horbach T, de Zwaan M. Psychiatric disorders in bariatric surgery candidates: a review of the literature and results of a German prebariatric surgery sample. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2009; 31:414‑21. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.05.004.

Friedman MA, Brownell KD. Psychological correlates of obesity: moving to the next research generation. Psychol Bull J. 1995; 117:3.

Wimmelmann CL, Dela F, Mortensen EL. Psychological predictors of mental health and health‑related quality of life after bariatric surgery: a review of the recent research. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2014; 8:e314‑24. doi: 10.1016/j.orcp.2013.11.002.

Jumbe S, Hamlet C, Meyrick J. Psychological aspects of bariatric surgery as a treatment for obesity. Curr Obes Rep. 2017; 6:71‑8.

doi: 10.1007/s13679‑017‑0242‑2.

Abilés V, Rodríguez‑Ruiz S, Abilés J, Mellado C, García A, De La Cruz AP, et al. Psychological characteristics of morbidly obese candidates for bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2010; 20:161‑7. doi: 10.1007/s11695‑008‑9726‑1.

Müller A, Mitchell JE, Sondag C, de Zwaan M. Psychiatric aspects of bariatric surgery. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2013; 15:397. doi: 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000085.

Kalarchian MA, Marcus MD, Levine MD, Courcoulas AP, Pilkonis PA, Ringham RM, et al. Psychiatric disorders among bariatric surgery candidates:

relationship to obesity and functional health status. Am J Psychiatry. 2007; 164:328‑34. doi: 10.1176/ajp.2007.164.2.328.

Greenberg I, Sogg S, Perna FM. Behavioral and psychological care in weight loss surgery: best practice update. Obesity. 2009; 17:880‑4.

Sarwer DB, Cohn NI, Gibbons LM, Magee L, Crerand CE, Raper SE, et al. Psychiatric diagnoses and psychiatric treatment among bariatric surgery candidates. Obes Surg. 2004; 14:1148‑56.

Masheb RM, White MA, Toth CM, Burke‑Martindale CH, Rothschild B, Grilo CM. The prognostic significance of depressive symptoms for predicting quality of life 12 months after gastric bypass. Compr Psychiatry. 2007; 48:231‑6.

Fabricatore AN, Sarwer DB, Wadden TA, Combs CJ, Krasucki JL. Impression management or real change? Reports of depressive symptoms before and after the preoperative psychological evaluation for bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2007; 17:1213‑9.

Guardia D, Metral M, Pigeyre M, Bauwens I, Cottencin O, Luyat M. Body distortions after massive weight loss: lack of updating of the body schema hypothesis. Eat Weight Disord. 2013; 18:333‑6. doi: 10.1007/s40519‑013‑0032‑0

Herpertz S, Kielmann R, Wolf AM, Hebebrand J, Senf W. Do psychosocial variables predict weight loss or mental health after obesity surgery? A systematic review. Obes Res. 2004; 12:1554–69.

Sarwer DB, Wadden TA, Spitzer JC, Mitchell JE, Lancaster K, Courcoulas A, et al. 4‑year changes in sex hormones, sexual functioning, and psychosocial status in women who underwent bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2018; 28:892‑9. doi: 10.1007/s11695‑017‑3025‑7.

De Panfillis C, Cero S, Torre M, Salvatore P, Dall’Aglio E, Adorni A, et al. Changes in body image disturbance in morbidly obese patients 1 year after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Obes Surg. 2007; 17:792‑9.

Pecori L, Cervetti GGS, Marinari GM, Migliori F, Adami GF. Attitudes of morbidly obese patients to weight loss and body image following bariatric surgery and contouring. Obes Surg. 2007; 17:68‑73.

Sarwer DB, Steffen KJ. Quality of life, body image and sexual functioning in bariatric surgery patients. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2015; 23:504‑8.

doi: 10.1002/erv.2412.

Sarwer DB, Spitzer JC, Wadden TA, Mitchell JE, Lancaster K, Courcoulas A, et al. Changes in sexual functioning and sex hormone levels in women following bariatric surgery. JAMA. 2014; 149:26–33. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2013.5022.

Ginis KAM, McEwan D, Josse AR, Phillips SM. Body image change in obese and overweight women enrolled in a weight‑loss

intervention: The importance of perceived versus actual physical changes. Body Image. 2012; 9:311‑7. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.04.002.

Burgmer R, Petersen I, Burgmer M, de Zwaan M, Wolf AM, Herpertz S. Psychological outcome two years after restrictive bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2007; 17:785‑91.

Karlsson J, Taft C, Ryden A, Sjöström L, Sullivan M. Ten‑year trends in health‑related quality of life after surgical and conventional treatment for severe obesity: the SOS intervention study. Int J Obesity. 2007; 31:1248–61.

Schowalter M, Benecke A, Lager C, Heimbucher J, Bueter M, Thalheimer A, et al. Changes in depression following gastric banding: a 5‑

to 7‑year prospective study. Obes Surg. 2008; 18:314–20.

Coulman KD, MacKichan F, Blazeby JM, Owen-Smith A. Patient experiences of outcomes of bariatric surgery: a systematic review and qualitative synthesis. Obes Rev. 2017; 18:547‑59. doi: 10.1111/obr.12518.

Faccio E, Nardin A, Cipolletta S. Becoming ex‑obese: narrations about identity changes before and after the experience of the bariatric surgery. J Clin Nurs. 2016; 25:1713‑20. doi: 10.1111/jocn.13222.

Buchwald H, Avidor Y, Braunwald E, Jensen MD, Pories W, Fahrbach K, Schoelles K. Bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta‑analysis.

JAMA. 2004; 292:1724–37.

Agüera Z, García-Ruiz-de-Gordejuela A, Vilarrasa N, Sanchez I, Baño M, Camacho L, et al. Psychological and personality predictors of weight loss and comorbid metabolic changes after bariatric surgery. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2015; 23:509‑16. doi: 10.1002/erv.2404.

Herpertz S, Kielmann R, Wolf AM, Hebebrand J, Senf W. Do psychosocial variables predict weight loss or mental health after obesity surgery? A systematic review. Obes Res. 2004; 12:1554–69.

Kinzl JF, Schrattenecker M, Traweger C, Mattesich M, Fiala M, Biebl W, et al. Psychosocial predictors of weight loss after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2006; 16:1609–14.

Crawford R, Glover L. The impact of pre‑treatment weight‑loss expectations on weight loss, weight regain, and attrition in people who are

overweight and obese: a systematic review of the literature. Br J Health Psychol. 2012;17:609‑30. doi: 10.1111/j.2044‑8287.2011.02059.x.

Tremp M, Delko T, Kraljević M, Zingg U, Rieger UM, Haug M, et al. Outcome in body‑contouring surgery after massive weight loss: A prospective matched single‑blind study. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2015; 68:1410‑6. doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2015.05.035.

van Hout GC, Vreeswijk CM, van Heck GL. Bariatric surgery and bariatric psychology: evolution of the Dutch approach. Obes Surg. 2008; 18:321–5. doi: 10.1007/s11695‑007‑9271‑3.

Bhatti JA, Nathens AB, Thiruchelvam D, Grantcharov T, Goldstein BI, Redelmeier DA. Self‑harm emergencies after bariatric surgery a population‑based cohort study. JAMA Surg. 2016; 151:226‑32. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2015.3414.

Steffen KJ, Engel S, Pollert GA, Li C, Mitchell JE. Blood alcohol concentrations rise rapidly and dramatically after Roux‑en‑Y gastric bypass. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2013; 9:470‑3. doi: 10.1016/j.soard.2013.02.002.

Mitchell JE, Crosby R, de Zwaan M, Engel S, Roerig J, Steffen K, et al. Possible risk factors for increased suicide following bariatric surgery. Obesity. 2013; 21:665– 72. doi: 10.1002/oby.20066.

Alegria CA, Larsen B. “That’s who I am: a fat person in a thin body”: weight loss, negative self‑evaluation, and mitigating strategies following weight loss surgery. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract. 2015; 27:137‑44. doi: 10.1002/2327‑6924.12158.

Sousa P, Bastos AP, Venâncio P, Vaz AR, Brandão I, Costa JM, et al. Compreender a sintomatologia depressiva após a cirurgia bariátrica: o papel do peso, da alimentação e da imagem corporal. Acta Med Port. 2014; 27:450‑7.

McCabe MP, Ricciardelli L. Body image dissatisfaction among males across the lifespan: a review of past literature. J Psychosom Res. 2004; 56:675‑85.

Christou NV, Look D, MacLean LD. Weight gain after short‑and long‑limb gastric bypass in patients followed longer than 10 year. Ann Surg. 2006; 244:734‑40.

Pona AA, Heinberg LJ, Lavery M, Ben‑Porath YS, Rish JM. Psychological predictors of body image concerns 3 months after bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2016; 12:188‑93. doi: 10.1016/j.soard.2015.05.008.

Ivezaj V, Grilo CM. The complexity of body image following bariatric surgery: a systematic review of the literature. Obes Rev. 2018; 19:1116‑40. doi: 10.1111/obr.12685.

Gilmartin J, Bath‑Hextall F, Maclean J, Stanton W, Soldin M. Quality of life among adults following bariatric and body contouring surgery: a systematic review. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep. 2016; 14:240‑70.

Gilmartin J, Long A, Soldin M. Identity transformation and a changed lifestyle following dramatic weight loss and body contouring surgery. J Health Psychol. 2015; 20:1318–27. oi: 10.1177/1359105313511838.

Bocchieri LE, Meana M, Fisher BL. Perceived psychosocial outcomes of gastric bypass surgery: a qualitative study. Obes Surg. 2002; 12:781–8.

Riva G, Gaudio S, Dakanalis A. I’m in a virtual body: a locked allocentric memory may impair the experience of the body in both obesity and anorexia nervosa. Eat Weight Disord. 2014; 19:133‑4. doi: 10.1007/s40519‑013‑0066‑3.

Cash TF, Counts B, Huffine CE. Current and vestigial effects of overweight among women: Fear of fat, attitudinal body image, and eating behaviors. J Psychopathol Behav. 1990; 12:157‑67.

Branco LM, Hilário MO, Cintra IP. Percepção e satisfação corporal em adolescentes e a relação com seu estado nutricional. Rev Psiquiatr Clin. 2006; 33:292‑6.

Kitzinger HB, Abayev S, Pittermann A, Karle B, Bohdjalian A, Langer FB, et al. After massive weight loss: Patients’ expectations of body contouring surgery. Obes Surg. 2012; 22:544‑8. doi: 10.1007/s11695‑011‑0551‑6.

Klopper EM, Kroese‑Deutman HC, Berends FJ. Massive weight loss after bariatric surgery and the demand (desire) for body contouring surgery. Eur J Plast Surg. 2014; 37:103–8.

Ramalho S, Bastos AP, Silva C, Vaz AR, Brandão I, Machado PP, et al. Excessive skin and sexual function: relationship with psychological variables and weight regain in women after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2015; 25:1149‑54. doi: 10.1007/s11695‑014‑1514‑5.

Al‑Hadithy N, Aditya H, Stewart K. Does the degree of ptosis predict the degree of psychological morbidity in bariatric patients undergoing reconstruction? Plast Reconstr Surg. 2014; 134:942‑50. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000000695.

Van der Beek ESJ, Geenen R, de Heer FA, van der Molen ABM, van Ramshorst B. Quality of life long‑term after body contouring surgery following bariatric surgery: sustained improvement after 7 years. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012; 130:1133‑9. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e318267d51d.

Lazar CC, Clerc I, Deneuve S, Auquit‑Auckbur I, Milliez PY. Abdominoplasty after major weight loss: improvement of quality of life and psychological status. Obes Surg. 2009: 19:1170‑5. doi: 10.1007/s11695‑009‑9883‑x.

Cintra W, Modolin MLA, Gemperli R, Gobbi CIC, Faintuch J, Ferreira MC. Quality of life after abdominoplasty in women after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2008; 18:728–32. doi: 10.1007/s11695‑007‑9280‑2.

de Zwaan M, Georgiadou E, Stroh CE, Teufel M, Köhler H, Tengler M, et al. Body image and quality of life in patients with and without body contouring surgery following bariatric surgery: A comparison of pre‑and post‑surgery groups. Front Psychol. 2014; 5:1310. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01310.

Modarressi A, Balagué N, Huber O, Chilcott M, Pittet‑Cuénod B. Plastic surgery after gastric bypass improves long‑term quality of life. Obes Surg. 2013; 23:24‑30. doi: 10.1007/s11695‑012‑0735‑8.

Reiffel AJ, Jimenez N, Burrell WA, Millet YH, Dent BL, Pomp A, et al. Body contouring after bariatric surgery: How much is really being done?

Ann Plast Surg. 2013; 70:350–3. doi: 10.1097/SAP.0b013e318236ba85.

Chapman AE, Kiroff G, Game P, Foster B, O’brien P, Ham J, Maddern GJ. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding in the treatment of obesity: A systematic literature review. Surgery. 2004; 135:326–51.

Larsen M, Polat F, Stook FP, Oostenbroek RJ, Plaisier PW, Hesp WL. Satisfaction and complications in post‑bariatric surgery abdominoplasty patients. Acta Chir Plast. 2007; 49:95‑8.

Fischer JP, Wes AM, Serletti JM, Kovach SJ. Complications in body contouring procedures: An analysis of 1,797 patients from the 2006‑2010

ACS‑NSQIP databases. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013; 132:1411‑20.

Song AY, Rubin JP, Thomas V, Dudas JR, Marra KG, Fernstrom MH. Body image and quality of life in post massive weight loss body contouring patients. Obesity. 2006; 14:1626–36.

Giordano S, Victorzon M, Stormi T, Suominen E. Desire for body contouring surgery after bariatric surgery: do body mass index and weight loss matter? Aesthet Surg J. 2014; 34: 96‑105. doi: 10.1177/1090820X13515701.

Van der Beek ESJ, te Riele W, Specken TF, Boerma D, van Ramshorst B. The impact of reconstructive procedures following bariatric surgery on patient well‑being and quality of life. Obes Surg. 2010; 20:36–41. doi: 10.1007/s11695‑009‑9909‑4.

Price HI, Gregory DM, Twells LK. Weight loss expectations of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy candidates compared to clinically expected weight loss outcomes 1‑year post‑surgery. Obes Surg. 2013; 23;1987‑93. doi: 10.1007/s11695‑013‑1007‑y.

Dixon JB, Laurie CP, Anderson ML, Hayden MJ, Dixon ME, O’Brien PE. Motivation, readiness to change, and weight loss following adjustable gastric band surgery. Obesity. 2009; 17:698‑705.

Ogden J, Birch A, Wood K. ‘The wrong journey’: patients’ experience of plastic surgery post weight loss surgery. Qual Res Sport Exerc Health. 2015; 7:294–308.

Downloads

Publicado

2020-01-27

Como Citar

Simões, G., & Brandão, I. (2020). Impacto da Cirurgia Bariátrica na Imagem Corporal e Saúde Mental. Revista Portuguesa De Psiquiatria E Saúde Mental, 5(4), 51–61. https://doi.org/10.51338/rppsm.2019.v5.i4.90

Edição

Secção

Artigos de Revisão